One common type of ad fraud is Click Fraud, where fraudsters generate fake clicks on ads to deplete an advertiser's budget. Similarly, Impression Fraud involves generating fraudulent ad views without genuine user engagement. Ad Stacking is another tactic where multiple ads are layered on top of each other, with only the top ad being visible, yet all ads register as viewed.

Malvertising involves inserting malicious code into legitimate ads, which can harm users' devices and further perpetuate fraud. Ad Injection refers to the unauthorized insertion of ads into web pages, often without the publisher's consent. Pixel Stuffing involves placing ads in a single pixel on a web page, making them invisible to users but still registering as viewed.

Conversion Fraud occurs when fake leads or sales are generated to deceive advertisers about the effectiveness of their campaigns. Domain Spoofing tricks advertisers into thinking their ads are displayed on premium sites when they are actually shown on low-quality ones. Click Spamming involves generating a large volume of clicks to manipulate performance metrics, often using Click Farms or automated Bot Traffic.

Ad Viewability is a critical measure in digital advertising, ensuring ads are actually seen by users. Ad Fraud can significantly impact this metric, leading to wasted spend on ads that are never viewed. Bot Traffic can simulate user interactions, further distorting viewability metrics. Ad Blocking by users, while not fraudulent, also affects viewability by preventing ads from being displayed.

Combating ad fraud is essential for maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of digital advertising. Advanced detection technologies, industry collaboration, and continuous monitoring are key to mitigating the impact of these fraudulent activities.