Ghost Sites are fraudulent websites created solely to generate ad revenue without providing any real content or value to users. These sites often contribute to IVT by attracting bot traffic or by engaging in practices such as Ad Stacking, where multiple ads are layered on top of each other in a single ad slot. This creates the illusion of multiple impressions when, in reality, users only see one ad.

Traffic Laundering involves redirecting traffic through various intermediaries to disguise its origin, making it appear legitimate. This is often combined with Bot Traffic, where automated scripts generate fake visits to websites. Both practices are significant contributors to IVT and can severely impact the effectiveness of online advertising campaigns.

Click Injection is a type of fraud where clicks are artificially generated, often through malicious software that triggers clicks without user consent. Ad Injection involves inserting unauthorized ads into webpages or apps, causing users to engage with ads they didn't intend to. Both types of fraud inflate engagement metrics and contribute to IVT.

Pixel Stuffing is a technique where ads are crammed into a tiny, virtually invisible space on a webpage, making it seem like the ad has been viewed when it hasn't. Domain Spoofing involves falsifying the domain name in ad requests to make it appear as though the ad is being shown on a legitimate site. These deceptive practices inflate impression counts and are common methods of generating IVT.

Impression Fraud involves generating fake ad impressions to inflate metrics, while PPC Fraud, including Click Fraud, focuses on generating fake clicks on pay-per-click ads. Both types of fraud lead to advertisers paying for non-existent engagements, resulting in financial losses and skewed campaign performance data.